all else constant, a bond will sell at _____ when the coupon rate is _____ the yield to maturity.

How do you estimate the value of a bond? As an investor, it is important to know how much your assets are worth. One way to look at this would be by estimating the market value of a security (bond). The easiest way to estimate the market value of a bond is by looking at its current coupon rate and yield-to-maturity.

This is the method of calculation for a bond with a $100 face value and an annual coupon rate of __%: *If you have not already, please review our [previous article on bonds]* The market price of this bond would be: .

The yield-to-maturity (YTM) is simply the annual interest rate that someone could receive by buying and holding onto a bond until it matures. In order to estimate how much your investment in a security will return if you sell it at today’s price, all else constant, divide the current YTM by the number of years remaining before maturity. That result should provide an approximation of what your potential profit or loss might be when selling at today’s market price.

In the simplest case, if you buy a bond for $100 and it has a coupon rate of __% (which is currently set at __%) then your initial investment would be worth approximately __ after one year ($1200). However there are some other factors that need to be taken into account when estimating this value: *The annual return on bonds varies with interest rates.* *How close is maturity?* The closer we get to maturity date, the less time remains before interest payments stop accruing. This results in slightly lower yields and therefore higher prices relative to face values than earlier years. Keep in mind that coupons paid prior to maturation also compound over time so they can potentially represent significant gains as well. For example, if you invest in a bond that pays an annual coupon rate of __% and matures in 20 years (a so-called “long maturity”), the __ after five years would be worth approximately $__.

What is Bond Price? all else constant, a bond will sell at $_ when the coupon rate is _the yield to maturity._ \*The annual return on bonds varies with interest rates.* *How close is maturity?* The closer we get to maturity date, the less time remains before interest payments stop accruing. This results in slightly lower yields and therefore higher prices relative to face values than earlier years. Keep in mind that coupons paid prior to maturation also compound over time so they can potentially represent significant additional income over the life of a bond.

*What is your target return?* The higher the coupon, the lower your yield will be because you’re paying more in interest than what’s coming back to you in an annual payment. For example, if we have bonds with an annual coupon rate of __% and maturity date that are both five years away, then they’ll sell for approximately $__. If on the other hand our bonds pay only _% per year but mature after 20 years (a so-called “long maturity”), their value increases to about $_ when priced at par.* \*So why does this matter? *The price of a bond depends heavily on its duration: When it pays out coupons from its face value, it generates the most return over time. However, a bond can potentially represent significant additional income over the life of a bond.*

The longer-term bonds are less sensitive to interest rate fluctuations because they have more years in which to reach maturity and hence will offer higher yields. (A 30 year duration would be six times as long as 15 years).*

*What is your target return? *If you’re looking for cautionary advice, take note that if rates go up then short term bonds will sell at discounts while long term bonds may not change their prices much; conversely when rates decline, short duration securities provide better returns but this comes with greater risk.* \*So why does this matter? *Bonds should pay the same return whether they’re short term or long-term. This is important because a bond’s strength depends on the difference between its coupon rate and its yield to maturity.*

What is your target return? If you’re looking for cautionary advice, take note that if rates go up then short term bonds will sell at discounts while long term bonds may not change their prices much; conversely when rates decline, short duration securities provide better returns but this comes with greater risk. So why does this matter? Bonds should pay the same return whether they’re short term or long-term. This is important because a bond’s strength depends on the difference between its coupon rate and its yield to maturity.

*Bonds are risky investments, so it’s best not to invest in bonds until you have an emergency fund built up that will last for at least six months.* \*Most experts recommend having enough saved up over three years; those who feel this advice doesn’t apply can invest with caution.*

If you’re looking for cautious advice, take note that if rates go up then short term bonds will sell at discounts while long term bonds may not change their prices much; conversely when rates decline, short duration securities provide better returns than long term securities.

*Of course, we’re never sure when rates are going to change. The key is that there’s no certainty in the markets.* *In this case it may be better to look at historical data and investment advisors who can help you make a decision on how much risk you want out of your bond portfolio.* \*For example, if interest rates go up by two percentage points then an investor will see their gains cut in half; conversely they won’t get back all of the losses should rates fall outside of what was expected.*

It’s important for investors to understand this as well because bonds have lower yields than stocks but offer more stability. This makes them appropriate investments for people with low risk tolerance, and can also be useful in a portfolio with less volatility.

*In this case it may be better to look at historical data and investment advisors who can help you make a decision on how much risk you want out of your bond portfolio.* \*For example, if interest rates go up by two percentage points then an investor will see their gains cut in half; conversely they won’t get back all of the losses should rates fall outside of what was expected.*

Growth Stock Investing Basics: What is Dividend Yield? Growth stocks are those that pay dividends to shareholders each year. Because these companies do not reinvest earnings into new business opportunities, investors often compare dividend yield – expressed as a dollar amount or a percentage – to the index with which it is being used as an investment benchmark. The dividend yield formula can be calculated by dividing the total annual dividends paid out during one year by the market price per share at any given time, such as when you bought shares or for each calendar day that passes. The dividend yield may also be expressed in terms of dollar amount rather than using a percentage: __dollars divided by __per share multiplied by 100%. *You’ll incur taxable income on your investments once they are sold.* \*It’s best to invest in stocks from January through October because many companies offer special incentives like stock options and discounted trading commissions around this time.* \*In addition